Cocktails

A cocktail is an alcoholic mixed drink that contains two or more ingredients — at least one of the ingredients must be a spirit. [1]

Cocktails were originally a mixture of spirits, sugar, water, and bitters. The word has come to mean almost any mixed drink that contains alcohol. A cocktail today usually contains one or more kinds of spirit and one or more mixers, such as soda or fruit juice. Additional ingredients may be ice, sugar, honey, milk, cream, and various herbs.

cocktail

Etymology Edit

Unknown; many unproven stories exist. The word first appeared in 1806 (see citation below). The non-drink sense is by extension of the drink sense.

A mixedalcoholicbeverage. They visited a pub noted for the wide range of cocktails they serve.
- 1806, 13 May 1806 edition of Balance and Columbian Repository, published by Hudson, New York, (first appearance in print): Cocktail is a stimulating liquor composed of spirits of any kind, sugar, water, and bitters — it is vulgarly called a bittered sling and is supposed to be an excellent electioneering potion, inasmuch as it renders the heart stout and bold, at the same time that it fuddles the head.
A mixture of other substances. Scientists found a cocktail of pollutants in the river downstream from the chemical factory.a cocktail of illegal drugs
A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in its veins. (Can we find and add a quotation of Darwin to this entry?)
( Britain , slang , dated ) A mean, half-heartedfellow; a coward.
- Thackeray It was in the second affair that poor little Barney showed he was a cocktail.
A species of rove beetle, so called from its habit of elevating the tail.

Synonyms Edit

Derived terms Edit

Translations Edit

Arabic: كُوكْتَيْل‏ ‎ m ( kuktayl ) , كُوكْتِيل‏ ‎ m ( kokteyl )
Armenian: կոկտեյլ(hy) ( kokteyl )
Belarusian: кактэ́йль(be)m ( kaktéjlʹ )
Bulgarian: коктейлm ( koktejl )
Catalan: còctel(ca)m
Chinese: Cantonese: 雞尾酒 , 鸡尾酒 ( gai 1 mei 5 zau 2 ) , 咯嗲 ( gok 1 de 1 ) Mandarin: 雞尾酒(zh) , 鸡尾酒(zh) ( jīwéijiǔ ) Min Nan: 雞尾酒 , 鸡尾酒 ( ke-bóe-chiú, koe-bé-chiú )
Czech: koktejl(cs)m
Dutch: cocktail(nl)m
Erzya: атякшбуло ( atjakšbulo )
Esperanto: koktelo
Estonian: kokteil
Finnish: cocktail(fi) , drinkki(fi)
French: cocktail(fr)m
Georgian: კოქტეილი ( ḳokṭeili )
German: Cocktail(de)n
Greek: κοκτέιλ(el)n ( koktéil )
Hebrew: קוֹקְטֵיל‏ ‎ (he)m ( kokteyl )
Hindi: कॉकटेलm ( kŏkṭel )
Hungarian: koktél(hu)
Ido: cocktail(io) , koktelo

Indonesian: koktail(id)
Japanese: カクテル ( kakuteru )
Korean: 칵테일(ko) ( kakteil )
Macedonian: кокте́лm ( koktél )
Malay: koktel
Marathi: कॉक्टेलm ( kŏkṭel )
Norwegian: Bokmål: cocktailm Nynorsk: cocktailm
Persian: کوکتل‏ ‎ (fa) ( koktel )
Polish: koktajl(pl)m
Portuguese: coquetel(pt)m
Romanian: cocteil(ro)n , cocktailn
Russian: кокте́йль(ru)m ( koktɛ́jlʹ ) , ( common misspelling ) кокте́льm ( koktɛ́lʹ )
Serbo-Croatian: koktel(sh)m
Slovene: koktejl , koktajl , cocktail
Spanish: coctelm , cóctel(es)m
Swedish: cocktail(sv)c
Tagalog: koktel , kaktel
Thai: ค็อกเทล(th) ( kɔ́k-teel )
Turkish: kokteyl(tr)
Ukrainian: кокте́йльm ( koktéjlʹ )
Yiddish: קאָקטייל‏ ‎ ( kokteyl )

Catalan: còctel(ca)m
Finnish: sekoitus(fi) , seos(fi)
Norwegian: Bokmål: cocktailm Nynorsk: cocktailm

Adjective Edit

( transitive ) To adulterate (fuel, etc.) by mixing in other substances.
( transitive ) To treat (a person) to cocktails. He dined and cocktailed her at the most exclusive bars and restaurants.

References Edit

“Cocktail” in Michael Quinion, Ballyhoo, Buckaroo, and Spuds: Ingenious Tales of Words and Their Origins, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books in association with Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN978-1-58834-219-5.

Etymology Edit

From English cocktail, which is of unclear origin

Pronunciation Edit

Noun Edit

Derived terms Edit

Etymology Edit

From English cocktail, which is of unclear origin.

Pronunciation Edit

Hyphenation: cock‧tail
IPA (key) : /ˈkoktɑi̯l/
IPA (key) : /ˈkoktei̯l/

Declension Edit

Synonyms Edit

Etymology Edit

From English cocktail, which is of unclear origin

Pronunciation Edit

Noun Edit

Etymology Edit

From English cocktail, which is of unclear origin.

Etymology Edit

References Edit

“cocktail” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Etymology Edit

References Edit

“cocktail” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Etymology Edit

From English cocktail, which is of unclear origin.

Declension Edit

Derived terms Edit

Alternative forms Edit

Etymology Edit

From English cocktail, which is of unclear origin.

Cocktail

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Cocktail is a 1988 romantic drama film released by Touchstone Pictures. Directed by Roger Donaldson, the film is based on the book of the same name by Heywood Gould, who also wrote the screenplay. It stars Tom Cruise as a talented and ambitious bartender who aspires to working in business and finds love with Elisabeth Shue while working at a bar in Jamaica. The original music score was composed by Maurice Jarre.

After leaving the United States Army and moving to New York City, Brian Flanagan (Tom Cruise) gets a part-time job as a bartender at night while studying for a business degree (which he needs to get a job in marketing). At first, Brian is a terrible bartender, revealed in a montage of his screw ups. Over time, he learns the tricks of the trade including flairing from his boss/mentor Doug Coughlin (Bryan Brown). Brian and Doug soon become very close; Doug readily assumes a mentor role over the young and naive Brian, and rains advice and opinions down upon him. His advice takes a familiar structure as he usually begins most of them with "Coughlin's Law". An example of his expert advice, which actually turns out to be quite poignant, is "Coughlin's Law: Drink or be gone!" Other pearls include: "Bury the dead, they stink up the joint." and "Anything else is always something better."

While Brian has high personal aspirations, Doug is leery of the notion of starting their own bar together. Doug intends to call his bar "Cocktails & Dreams".

Eventually, Brian and Doug's bar-tending act becomes popular and they end up working at a trendy nightclub catering to New York City's wealthy and elite, the type of establishment where yuppies spout poetry from the top of the rafters for all patrons to hear. As their popularity rises, Brian becomes the focus of attention from a sultry brunette named Coral (Gina Gershon). Quickly, they elevate their friendship into a wild sexual relationship. During a free throw shooting competition where Brian hits five free throws in a row, Doug bets him Coral will leave him by week's end, essentially doubting there is anything special about the seemingly perfect relationship shared between the two. Unbeknownst to Brian, Doug lies to Coral about secrets being shared by Brian about her, and secures his bet having sex with Coral. Brian is very upset and fights with Doug at work, essentially ending his informal partnership with Doug.

Brian, taking advice from his former girlfriend, takes a job in Jamaica as a bartender to raise money for his own place. He finds a romantic partner in Jordan Mooney (Elisabeth Shue). Jordan is an aspiring artist and waitress in New York City. She and Brian spend romantic times together, playing in the water, before making passionate love on the beach by a campfire. Prior to this however, Doug has shown up in Jamaica, now married to Kerry (Kelly Lynch), a wealthy woman who openly flirts with other men and wears Tarzan-like bikinis. Doug quickly asserts himself and bets Brian to be the first to sleep with a barfly named Bonnie (Lisa Banes), a wealthy older woman. Jordan catches Brian without being seen and, devastated, takes an overnight plane back home.

With Jordan flying back to New York City, Brian decides to "upstage" Doug and return to Manhattan with the cougar-esque Bonnie under the auspices that he will be placed high up in her company due to their romantic attachment. Brian becomes impatient as the pay-off is too slow. They have a blow-up during an art exhibition where Brian gets into a fight with the artist. As they cut ties, Brian, displaying wisdom one can only assume has been gleaned from his former mentor, states: "All things end badly. Otherwise they wouldn't end!"

Brian then seeks out Jordan. Much to his surprise, Brian learns that she is pregnant with his child. He embarks on a journey to win over the independent Jordan and prove to her that, despite being just a lowly bartender, he would make a worthy father. While pursuing Jordan, Brian also learns that her family is very wealthy, and he goes to her parents' Park Avenue penthouse to speak with Jordan. Unhappy with the situation, Jordan's father, Richard (Laurence Luckinbill), attempts to buy Brian off. Brian is forced to decide between the money offered which would surely help him get his bar started versus a life with Jordan and his child; Brian refuses the money. Jordan keeps her distance, not wanting to be hurt again.

Brian meets up with Doug. Despite the outward appearance of wealth, Doug confides that his wife's money is nearly gone, lost in the commodities market. Doug is despondent, unwilling to confess to his bride the precarious position they are in; Brian is completely shocked. Later on, Kerry makes Brian take her home when Doug is too drunk to do so, and forces him to walk her to her apartment. She tells him that he is the only person Doug respects and wants to discuss with him Doug's problems. However once inside, she attempts to seduce him by kissing him but Brian refuses out of respect for his friendship with Doug. Kerry gets angry at being rejected and reveals that she cannot endure sexual monogamy for the rest of her life. Brian then leaves with Kerry calling him a coward. Brian goes to check on Doug in his yacht, and discovers he has committed suicide by slashing his throat with a broken bottle of Remy Martin Louis XIII / Baccarat crystal glass. After the funeral, Kerry sends Brian a letter left for him by Doug, which is revealed to be Doug's suicide note in which he explains why he did what he did. Brian cries after reading the letter, realizing that Doug killed himself because he realized that his life was a sham.

Now reeling from the misfortune of the stiff-arm from Jordan and losing his best friend to suicide, he goes to Richard's home (where Jordan is staying) and begs her forgiveness. He further promises to take good care of her and their unborn child. Brian has a brief scuffle with Richard's staff, then takes the willing Jordan by the hand and heads for the door. They leave together, finally, as a couple and future parents. Richard pledges not to lend a dime to the fledgling couple. Using the advice of the other mentor in his life, his Uncle Pat (Ron Dean), Brian is able to finally achieve his lifelong goal, he opens a neighborhood bar called "Flanagan's Cocktails & Dreams". Brian and Jordan have their wedding reception at the new bar while Jordan is visibly pregnant. Just before the credits roll, Jordan reveals she is pregnant with twins. Brian offers free drinks to celebrate, much to his Uncle Pat's chagrin.

Box office and reception

Cocktail was a financial success, earning $78.2 million at the box office, and $93.3 million globally to a total of $171.5 million worldwide.

Despite the film's success, the film received mostly negative reviews from critics and won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay while Tom Cruise was nominated as Worst Actor and Roger Donaldson as Worst Director. Rotten Tomatoes gives Cocktail a 9% "rotten" rating based on 22 reviews.

Cocktail

Directed by

Produced by

Cinematography by

Distributor

Running time

Gross revenue

While Brian has high personal aspirations, Doug is leery of the notion of starting their own bar together. Doug intends to call his bar "Cocktails & Dreams".

Box office and reception

Cocktail was a financial success, earning $78.2 million at the box office, and $93.3 million globally to a total of $171.5 million worldwide.

Cocktail

From evening gowns to the perfect little black dress, vintage cocktail dresses never fail to impress.

These patterns show off the glamorous side of life and would be perfect for you to create and wear to weddings, proms, cocktail parties, graduations, formals, and other special events.

Go to DuBarry_5951
Go to Advance_8551
Go to McCall's_4730_A
Go to Advance_9292
Go to McCall's_2499
Go to Modes Royale 1196
McCall's 4731 Go to McCall's 4731 A Pauline Trigere Cocktail Dress

Below is a list of all of the vintage Cocktail Dress patterns on our wiki.

Pages in category "Cocktail"

The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 3,569 total.

Cocktail

In general, a cocktail is a mix of several substances, usually liquids.

This article describes the cocktail as a mixed drink, usually containing one or more distilled alcoholic beverages and perhaps non-alcoholic drinks, ice and sometimes liqueur, fruit, sauce, honey, milk or cream, spices, etc. The cocktail became popular during Prohibition in the United States; to mask the taste of bootlegged alcohol, the bartenders at a speakeasy would mix it with other liquors and non-alcoholic drinks.

Until the 1970s, cocktails were made predominantly with gin, whiskey, or rum, and rarely vodka. From the 1970s on, the popularity of vodka increased dramatically. By the 1980s it was the predominant base for mixed drinks. Many cocktails traditionally made with gin, such as the gimlet, may now be served by default with vodka.

Non-alcoholic carbonated beverages that are used nearly exclusively in cocktails (or in non-alcoholic soda fountain drinks, such as the egg cream) include soda water, tonic water and seltzer. Liqueurs are also common cocktail ingredients.

History Edit

The earliest known printed use of the word "cocktail" was in the May 13, 1806 edition of the Balance and Columbian Repository (A Hudson, New York publication), where the paper provided the following answer to what a cocktail was:

"Cocktail is a stimulating liquor composed of spirits of any kind, sugar, water, and bitters--it is vulgarly called a bittered sling and is supposed to be an excellent electioneering potion, inasmuch as it renders the heart stout and bold, at the same time that it fuddles the head. It is said, also to be of great use to a Democratic candidate: because a person, having swallowed a glass of it, is ready to swallow anything else."

The first publication of a bartenders' guide which included cocktail recipes was in 1862: How to Mix Drinks; or, The Bon Vivant's Companion, by Professor Jerry Thomas. In addition to listings of recipes for Punches, Sours, Slings, Cobblers, Shrubs, Toddies, Flips, and a variety of other types of mixed drinks were 10 recipes for drinks referred to as "Cocktails". A key ingredient which differentiated "cocktails" from other drinks in this compendium, was the use of bitters as an ingredient, although it is not to be seen in very many modern cocktail recipes.

During Prohibition in the United States (1919-1933), when alcohol consumption was illegal, cocktails were still consumed in establishments known as speakeasies. Not only was the quality of the alcohol available far lower than was previously used, but the skill and knowledge of the bartenders would also decline significantly during this time.

Etymology Edit

There are several plausible theories as to the origin of the term "cocktail". Among them are:

Some say that it was customary to put a feather (presumably from a cock's tail) in the drink to serve both as decoration and to signal to teetotalers that the drink contained alcohol.
Another etymology is that the term is derived from coquetier, a French egg-cup which was used to serve the beverage in New Orleans in the early 19th century.
The word could also be a distortion of Latin [aqua] decocta, meaning "distilled water".

Cocktail guide

All Weight: 0.51 Weight: 0.51 All Item ID: 2023 Item ID: 2023 All Release date: 12 December 2002 Release date: 12 December 2002 All Is members only: true Is members only: true All Value: 2 Value: 2

The Cocktail guide (or The Blurberry Cocktail Guide) contains a collection of recipes for the various gnome cocktails. It is useful for the Gnome Restaurant minigame, or players just want to make the cocktails for themselves.

Player may obtain the book from Blurberry, Heckel Funch, Rasolo, killing gnome women, or from the bookcase in a player-owned house.

Recipes Edit

Transcript Edit

1 shot vodka
1 shot gin
1 shot brandy
Juice 2 lemons
Juice 1 orange

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker. Shake well and pour into a glass. Add diced orange followed by chunks of lemon. Top the glass with a slice of lime and finish with some equa leaves.

1 shot whisky
1 sprig of equa leaves
Dash of milk
1 bar of chocolate

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker along with a crumbled chocolate bar. Shake well and pour into a glass. Warm it in an oven, then add fresh cream. Finally sprinkle with chocolate dust.

1 shot vodka
1 shot gin
Dwellberry juice

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker. Shake well and pour into a glass. Add diced pineapple then top with fresh cream. Heat the drink briefly in a warm oven before serving.

Juice 1 pineapple
Juice 1 orange
Juice 1 lemon

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker. Shake well and pour into a glass. Simply top with slices of fresh lemon and finish this light and refreshing mix.

Juice 1 lemon
Juice 1 orange
Juice 2 pineapples

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker. Shake well and pour into a glass. Add chunks of pineapple followed by diced lime. Finish the drink by placing a single slice of orange on top.

1 shot vodka
Juice 3 limes

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker. Shake well and pour into a glass. Add a sprinkling of equa leaves followed by a single lime slice to finish this gnome classic.

2 shots vodka
1 shot gin
Juice 1 orange
Juice 1 lime
Juice 1 lemon

Mix the ingredients together in the cocktail shaker. Shake well and pour into a glass. Add pineapple chunks to the drink. Finally finish this magical concoction with slices of lime.

Drop sources Edit

Store locations Edit

Disassembly Edit

See the table below for all values, and Junk for more information.

Cocktail Lounge

Cocktail Lounges are small establishments found within larger businesses in Rapture. They are specifically designated by the iconic neon sign seen at right.

BioShock Edit

While journeying through Rapture, Jack passes three Cocktail Lounges.

Welcome to Rapture Edit

The first one is on the main floor of the Kashmir Restaurant. Tucked into a corner on the restaurant's northern wall, the Cocktail Lounge offered the upscale clientele of the restaurant fine wine, beer, and liqueur. Twin monitors over the bar showed various broadcasts for the patrons' entertainment such as sports games, evening programs, or news announcements. When Jack investigates the area, he finds it's mostly picked clean. Party hats and a few bottles are all that's left.

Fort Frolic Edit

The main Cocktail Lounge in Fort Frolic.

Located in Fort Frolic's Southern Mall, the Cocktail Lounge served as a small bar where night clubbers could unwind and have a drink in between the art, entertainment, and shopping at Fort Frolic. When Jack wanders in, Bobby Darin's Beyond the Sea is heard playing on the jukebox. In the corner by the window is a U-Invent and on the counter is Sullivan's Audio Diary Artist's Feud. A Security Camera keeps watch over the room. A Security Crate under the bar's counter contains four rolls of film, an EVE Hypo, and nineteen dollars.

A Lounge tucked into the casino's corner.

The only other Cocktail Lounge is located at Sir Prize in Poseidon Plaza. This one is much smaller than the aforementioned bars. When the casino was operating under normal circumstances, the patrons would relax with a drink while trying their luck. When Jack arrives in 1960 the counter serves as nothing more than a barricade between a Spider Splicer controlling a Security Bot and two attacking Leadhead Splicers. Once the brawl is resolved, Jack can hack safe beneath the bar and gain access to two trap bolts, a round of Exploding Buck, and 14 Machine Gun Ammo rounds.

BioShock 2 Edit

A Cocktail Lounge can be found in the Foyer of Adonis Luxury Resort, at the back of the staircase.

New Discoveries Edit

Audio Diary Edit

Andrew Ryan - Generation - On the bar counter.

BioShock 2 Multiplayer Edit

Two Cocktail Lounges can be found in the Fort Frolic level, one in Eve's Garden and one in Pharaoh's Fortune Casino. Fighting McDonagh's also features several bars, with an advertisement in the area.

Burial at Sea Edit

The Sinclair Spirits Cocktail Lounge.

In Episode 1, a Cocktail Lounge can be found in the Sinclair Spirits liquor store on Market Street. There's another one inside The Satyr Lounge as advertised by the sign outside of the establishment.

In Episode 2, A large neon sign for the Cocktail Lounge can be seen in the distance during the final moments of the game.

Behind the Scenes Edit

The "Cocktail Lounge 5" clip art.

The Cocktail Lounge advertisement is actually a royalty-free "Cocktail Lounge 5" clip art, with some color alteration.

Suicide/Amitriptyline cocktail

Using tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as an euthanasia agent, the amitriptyline cocktail (AC) as shown in this article was first described in the book Guide to a Humane Self-Chosen Death written by Dr. Pieter Admiraal and a committee of medical professionals. |The cocktail was further improved by knowledgeable members of ASM to be more reliable and act faster as well.

The two versions of the cocktail Edit

Version #1: the original Amitriptyline Cocktail Edit

This is the original Amitriptyline Cocktail as documented in the book Guide to a Humane Self-Chosen Death.

Version #2: the improved Amitriptyline Cocktail Edit

The original Amitriptyline Cocktail created by Dr. Admiraal had a few issues:

The estimated time to death, 36 hours, was far too much. For many people this parameter would be an issue.
We were bothered regarding people who were overweight and how would that impact the potency of the cocktail.

Therefore, after cross-checking our data in several sources like Drugs.com, RxList.com, Merck & Co. and Pubmmed.com, we came to the definite conclusions that:

1. Adding cimetidine, which is a cytochrome p450 inhibitor (see the description for cimetidine in this article), would almost double the amitriptyline blood levels and would potentiate it that much, that it would hasten death by far.
2. Adding midazolam would also act to significantly hasten death due to the drugs' interaction, as confirmed by Dr. Admiraal (he said in his book that adding 300 mg of another strong benzodiazepine would hasten death).
3. In cases of people over 100kg, following the data we gleaned from the sources mentioned above, we understood that increasing the needed amount would ensure death.

This table lists the components of the improved cocktail, depending on body weight:

Possible drug substitutions and changes to the cocktail Edit

Amitriptyline can be replaced with the following tricyclic antidepressants: clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline and trimipramine.
If one cannot obtain midazolam (Dormicum), one had better use any other short-acting benzodiazepine, like lorazepam or temazepam. Alternatively, one can increase the amount of diazepam (Valium) to 500 mg. The use of two kinds of benzodiazepines would significantly hasten death.
Do not use phenobarbital in this cocktail, due to unwanted (mainly unpredictable) drug interactions with the amitriptyline.
Cimetidine can be replaced with encainide, flecainide or quinidine. It cannot be replaced with Ranitidine or any other antacid medication: see the description for cimetidine in this article.
Other benzodiazepines could be usable too. One of the key parameters is the drug half life (how long the drug acts) which you can look up in the benzodiazepine equivalency table.

Mechanism of action and roles of the drugs Edit

Amitriptyline Edit

Amitriptyline is the lethal component of the cocktail.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) exert their lethality mainly since they are sodium channel blockers. [1]

Sodium channel blockers decrease the propagation and the magnitude of action potentials in the cardiac sytem. The principal effect of reducing the rate and magnitude of depolarisation by blocking sodium channels, is a decrease in conduction velocity (in atrial and ventricular muscle). The faster a cell depolarises, the more rapid adjacent cells will become depolarised, leading to a more rapid regeneration and transmission of action potentials between cells in the cardiac system. Therefore, blocking sodium channels reduces the velocity of action potential transmission within the heart.

This prolongs the QT interval, promoting phenomena like 'torsade de points' or other ventricular tachycardia, which mean that the ventricular muscle would twitch randomly, rather than contracting in unison, and so the ventricles would fail to pump blood into the arteries and into systemic circulation. If the arrhythmia continues, blood circulation will cease, and death (as in, ventricular fibrillation) will occur in a matter of minutes.

The cardiac impact is rather similar to an overdose of Darvon, since Darvon is a sodium channel blocker as well.

Cimetidine Edit

Cimetidine inhibits some of the group of liver isoenzymes named Cytochrome P450,or in short CYP450, which is responsible for the drug's first phase metabolism. Also see the Wikipedia article for CYP2D6. Tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline require liver isoenzyme CYP2D6 (along with others of that group) to be metabolised, so inhibiting this enzyme increases the levels of amitriptyline in the blood.

Cimetidine achieves two goals in the cocktail:

it hastens death;
it eliminates any possibility of survival and renders the cocktail much more lethal.

Cimetidine is normally used to reduce gastric acidity, as a treatment for heartburn or peptic ulcers. But in the cocktail, this mode of action is not relevant; cimetidine is required because of inhibition of the CYP2D6 liver enzyme and not because of its effects on stomach acid. That is why it is not possible to replace cimetidine with ranitidine, or any other antacid medication that a pharmacy might offer to you as a replacement.

Midazolam and Diazepam Edit

Midazolam (Dormicum) is quick acting and of short duration, while Diazepam (Valium)is slower acting but of long duration; both are powerful sedatives from the benzodiazepine class of drugs. They cause deep sleep before amitriptyline starts to act in overdose. Amitriptyline poisoning would be lethal by itself, but the death it causes would not be peaceful.

How long does the cocktail take? Edit

Since TCAs tend to slow the digestive process and absorption from the intestines, death would occur within 12-24 hours.

Is it recommended to use a plastic bag in addition? Edit

The Amitriptyline Cocktail is reliable by itself, if done right. So, there is no reason to use a plastic bag. A plastic bag requires significant preparation and must be used correctly to be lethal. The main risk of combining both is that instead of focusing on doing one thing right, you will do two methods and both wrong.

Comparison to other methods Edit

Amitriptyline is not a narcotic (thus, not a scheduled substance). This makes mail-ordering this drug far less problematic.Template:Pluspoint stop

The cocktail takes a long time to work: up to 36 hours to work for Dr. Admiraal's version and less time for the new, improved one. This obviously increases the chance to be rescued. Potentially, there is a chance to survive with organ damage if rescued at the wrong moment.

Evidence and medical reports attesting to the efficacy of the AC Edit

Amitriptyline and other TCAs accounted for a very large number of death cases all over the globe (some were suicides and some were "accidents").

According to the book Guide to a Humane Self-Chosen Death, which summarises the decisions and inferences of a Dutch euthanasia group's research committee (which consisted of Dr. Pieter Admiraal, who was a well-known anaesthetist, and 5 other experts in their fields), 6 grams of a tricyclic antidepressant has been proven in toxicity reports to be reliably lethal. The committee deemed that adding as little as 300mg of a benzodiazepine would render the death peaceful as well.

The conclusions mentioned above are also supported by the authors of the euthanasia book Beyond Final Exit (see its chapter "Tricyclic antidepressants: A new look"), all of whom possess medical and/or biochemical expertise.

Now, with the other ingredients in the cocktail that we have suggested here (such as cimetidine and two potent sedatives), it would provide for a much more lethal cocktail, one with a much faster and still peaceful demise.

These references document cases of amitriptyline overdose:

One case in the ASM newsgroup, from the year 2008.
"Deaths related to amitriptyline toxicity are relatively common and are typically related-to suicidal overdose." Source: Amitriptyline Abuse and Misuse. American Journal of-Forensic Medicine & Pathology. 26(1):86-88, March 2005. Prahlow, Joseph A. MD;-Landrum, Jeffry E. DDS
"We report here an autopsy case of a 49-year-old woman with depression who died of-hyperthermia, probably due to amitriptyline intoxication." Source: A fatal case of-hyperthermia due to tricyclic antidepressant intoxication, Legal Medicine, Volume 2,-Issue 3, Pages 152-155 (October 2000)
"Between the years 1992-2003 in the UK alone, TCA's were responsible for 2700-overdose related deaths where amitriptyline or another TCA was ingested." Source: click here.
A Coroner's jury report (Drug Overdose of Amitriptyline). Source: Verdict of Coroner's - Jury into the Death of K. A. Rogers.
"The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and doxepin, the most commonly used-antidepressants in Norway, are also the two leading antidepressants causing death by-intoxication." Source: Death due to overdose of antidepressants: experiences from-Norway Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Volume 87 Issue s371 Page 28-32, May 1993

Where to obtain the drugs Edit

So far there no good for sure websites you have to keep looking on your own..

Availability of the drugs Edit

Amitriptyline (Elavil) is a widely used drug and easily obtainable from on-line pharmacies. It is not on the controlled substance list and ordering it from the internet is legal in most countries. Amitriptyline is often used off-the-label to prevent migraines and tension headaches, so one can use this as an excuse, should any questions arise. Elavil the brand is no longer available in the USA, but generics may still be available in that country.
Cimetidine (Tagamet) is a heartburn and ulcer medication, and is not a controlled substance. In the USA and many other countries it is sold over the counter (OTC), which means that it is available without a prescription. In some European countries, and South Africa, cimetidine requires a prescription, so inhabitants of those countries have to buy it over the Internet.
Midazolam (Dormicum) and Diazepam (Valium) are drugs from the benzodiazepine class that are commonly prescribed to treat insomnia and anxiety. One can order them over the internet, but keep in mind that benzodiazepines are controlled substances: thus ordering them over the Internet is a criminal offense in some countries. One can also get a prescription legally from one's doctor: if you complain about insomnia and tell your doctor that OTC sleeping pills are not working for you, then your doctor will most likely prescribe a benzodiazepine. A Dormicum prescription is not easily obtained.

Antiemetic regimen Edit

It is very important to use drugs that prevent vomiting (i.e. antiemetic drugs) before one takes the cocktail. Important warnings:

OTC antiemetics for motion sickness (Dramamine, Gravol) will not work well.
Do not take more antiemetics, or take them more often. It might cause a serious and painful side effect named EPS (short for extrapyramidal symptoms). Have some diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Dimedrol) ready to treat EPS, should it happen to you.

Also, please read this page carefully.

Is there a specific order in which to take the cocktail? Edit

Yes, there is. Please see the quotation below.

How to repackage the drugs in capsules Edit

To reduce the number of tablets to be swallowed, you can repackage tablets in capsules. Below is a post from Son of the Sun explaining this process regarding the Amitriptyline Cocktail.

Also, please see the article Capsules for more information about this subject.

Molotov cocktail

A Finnish soldier with a Molotov cocktail in the 1939-40 Winter War.

The Molotov cocktail, also known as a Petrol Bomb, Fire Bomb (not to be confused with the actual Fire Bomb) or just Molotov is a generic name used for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons. Due to the relative ease of production, they are frequently used by amateur protesters and non-professionally equipped fighters in urban guerrilla warfare. They are primarily intended to set targets ablaze rather than instantly destroy them.

The name "Molotov cocktail" was coined by the Finns during the Winter War. [1] The name is an insulting reference to Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, who was responsible for the partitioning of Finland with Nazi Germany under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939. The pact with the Nazis bearing Molotov's name, which secretly stated the Soviet intention to invade Finland in November 1939, was widely mocked by the Finns, as well as much of the propaganda Molotov produced to accompany it, including his declaration on Soviet state radio that bombing missions over Finland were actually airborne humanitarian food deliveries for their starving neighbors. The Finns, far from starving and engaged in a bitter war for national survival with the Soviet forces, sarcastically dubbed the Soviet cluster bombs "Molotov bread baskets" in reference to Molotov's propaganda broadcasts. When the hand-held bottle firebomb was developed to attack Soviet tanks, the Finns called it the "Molotov cocktail", as "a drink to go with the food". [2] Molotov himself despised the name, particularly as the term became ubiquitous and genericized as Soviets faced increasing numbers of cocktail-throwing protestors in the Eastern Bloc in the years after World War II. [3]

Recipe Edit

A Molotov cocktail is a breakable glass bottle containing a flammable substance such as gasoline/petrol or a napalm-like mixture, with some motor oil added, and usually a source of ignition such as a burning cloth wick held in place by the bottle's stopper. The wick is usually soaked in alcohol or kerosene, rather than gasoline.

In action, the wick is lit and the bottle hurled at a target such as a vehicle or fortification. When the bottle smashes on impact, the ensuing cloud of petrol droplets and vapour ignites, causing an immediate fireball followed by a raging fire as the remainder of the fuel is consumed. Another method is to place a reactive substance in with the gasoline, and treat the label or wrapper paper with another chemical; when the bottle ruptures, the two chemicals mix and ignite; this is safer to handle if done properly, and does not betray the thrower with a visible flame prior to the throw. A far superior version can be produced by substituting carbon disulfide for the gasoline and saturating this solvent with white phosphorus and sulfur. The mixture will automatically ignite on exposure to air. Care must be taken to avoid the use of rubber stoppers for the bottles, as carbon disulfide readily dissolves rubber.

Other flammable liquids such as diesel fuel, methanol, turpentine and E85 have been used in place of or with gasoline. Thickening agents such as Styrofoam, baking soda, tar, strips of tyre tubing, blood, XPS foam, egg whites, motor oil, rubber cement, and dish soap have been added to help the burning liquid adhere to the target and create clouds of thick, choking smoke. [4]

Development and use in war Edit

Spanish Civil War Edit

Improvised incendiary devices were used for the first time in the Spanish Civil War between July 1936 and April 1939, [5] before they became known as "Molotov cocktails". In 1936, General Francisco Franco ordered Spanish Nationalists to use the weapon against Soviet T-26 tanks supporting the Spanish Republicans in a failed assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, 40 km (25 mi) south of Madrid. [6] After that, both sides used simple petrol bombs or petrol-soaked blankets with some success. Tom Wintringham, a veteran of the International Brigades, later publicised his recommended method of using them:

We made use of "petrol bombs" roughly as follows: take a 2lb glass jam jar. Fill with petrol. Take a heavy curtain, half a blanket, or some other heavy material. Wrap this over the mouth of the jar, tie it round the neck with string, leave the ends of the material hanging free. When you want to use it have somebody standing by with a light [i.e., a source of ignition]. Put a corner of the material down in front of you, turn the bottle over so that petrol soaks out round the mouth of the bottle and drips on to this corner of the material. Turn the bottle right way up again, hold it in your right hand, most of the blanket bunched beneath the bottle, with your left hand take the blanket near the corner that is wetted with petrol. Wait for your tank. When near enough, your pal [or comrade-in-arms] lights the petrol soaked corner of the blanket. Throw the bottle and blanket as soon as this corner is flaring. (You cannot throw it far.) See that it drops in front of the tank. The blanket should catch in the tracks or in a cog-wheel, or wind itself round an axle. The bottle will smash, but the petrol should soak the blanket well enough to make a really healthy fire which will burn the rubber wheels on which the tank track runs, set fire to the carburettor or frizzle the crew. Do not play with these things. They are highly dangerous.

Khalkhin Gol Edit

The Battle of Khalkhin Gol, a border conflict of 1939 ostensibly between Mongolia and Manchukuo, saw heavy fighting between Japanese and Soviet forces. Short of anti-tank equipment, Japanese infantry attacked Soviet tanks with gasoline-filled bottles. Japanese infantrymen claimed that several hundred Soviet tanks had been destroyed this way, though Soviet loss records do not support this assessment. [7]

Finland Edit

Soviet cluster bomb ironically called a "Molotov bread basket". The "Molotov cocktail" was the Finns' response – "a drink to go with the food".

On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland, starting what came to be known as the Winter War. The Finnish Army faced large numbers of Red Army tanks. Being short on anti-tank guns, they improvised incendiary devices to use against them.

During the Winter War, the Soviet air force made extensive use of incendiaries and cluster bombs against Finnish troops and fortifications. When Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov claimed in domestic propaganda broadcasts that the USSR was not bombing Finland, but merely delivering food to the citizens, the Finns, who were not starving, started sarcastically to call the air bombs Molotov bread baskets. [8] Soon the Finns responded by attacking advancing tanks with "Molotov cocktails", which were "a drink to go with the food". At first, the term was used to describe only the burning mixture itself, but in practical use the term was soon applied to the combination of both the bottle and its contents. This Finnish use of the hand- or sling-thrown explosive against Soviet tanks was repeated in the subsequent Continuation War between the two countries. [1]

The original design of the Molotov cocktail produced by the Finnish alcohol monopoly Alko during the Winter War of 1939–40. The bottle has storm matches instead of a rag for a fuse.

The Finns perfected the design and tactical use of the petrol bomb. The fuel for the Molotov cocktail was refined to a slightly sticky mixture of gasoline, kerosene, tar, and potassium chlorate. Further refinements included the attachment of wind-proof matches or a phial of chemicals that would ignite on breakage, thereby removing the need to pre-ignite the bottle, and leaving the bottle about one-third empty was found to make breaking more likely. [9] As the cooling system was almost invariably placed where direct fire wouldn't hit it, the target of choice was the rear deck of a tank; the burning contents of the bottle would pour through the large cooling grills and ignite fuel, hydraulic fluids and ammunition.

A British War Office report dated June 1940 noted that: The Finns' policy was to allow the Russian tanks to penetrate their defences, even inducing them to do so by 'canalising' them through gaps and concentrating their small arms fire on the infantry following them. The tanks that penetrated were taken on by gun fire in the open and by small parties of men armed with explosive charges and petrol bombs in the forests and villages. The essence of the policy was the separation of the AFVs from the infantry, as once on their own the tank has many blind spots and once brought to a stop can be disposed of at leisure. [10]

Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Alko corporation at its Rajamäki distillery, bundled with matches to light them. Production totalled 450,000 during the Winter War. The original design of the Molotov cocktail was a mixture of ethanol, tar and gasoline in a 750 millilitres (0.79 US qt) bottle. The bottle had two long pyrotechnic storm matches attached to either side. Before use, one or both of the matches was lit; when the bottle broke on impact, the mixture ignited. The storm matches were found to be safer to use than a burning rag on the mouth of the bottle.

Britain Edit

Early in 1940, with the prospect of immediate invasion, the possibilities of the petrol bomb gripped the imagination of the British public. For the layman, the petrol bomb had the benefit of using entirely familiar and available materials, [11] and they were quickly improvised in large numbers, with the intention of using them against enemy tanks. [12] Although the petrol bomb might seem like a weapon of desperation, the possibility of success was not quite as distant as might be imagined. 1940 was at the very end of the era of the light tank, and the German behemoths of the later war years were still in the future: many tanks were surprisingly vulnerable.

When used in the right way and in sufficient numbers, the Finns had found that they were effective. Although the experience of the Spanish Civil War received more publicity, the more sophisticated petroleum warfare tactics of the Finns were not lost on British commanders. In his 5 June address to LDV leaders, General Ironside said:

I want to develop this thing they developed in Finland, called the "Molotov cocktail", a bottle filled with resin, petrol and tar which if thrown on top of a tank will ignite, and if you throw half a dozen or more on it you have them cooked. It is quite an effective thing. If you can use your ingenuity, I give you a picture of a [road] block with two houses close to the block, overlooking it. There are many villages like that. Out of the top windows is the place to drop these things on the tank as it passes the block. It may only stop it for two minutes there, but it will be quite effective. [13]

Wintringham advised that a tank that was isolated from supporting infantry was potentially vulnerable to men who had the required determination and cunning to get close. Rifles or even a shotgun would be sufficient to persuade the crew to close all the hatches, and then the view from the tank is very limited; a turret-mounted machine gun has a very slow traverse and cannot hope to fend off attackers coming from all directions. Once sufficiently close, it is possible to hide where the tank's gunner cannot see: "The most dangerous distance away from a tank is 200 yards; the safest distance is six inches." [14] Petrol bombs will soon produce a pall of blinding smoke, and a well-placed explosive package or even a stout iron bar in the tracks can immobilise the vehicle, leaving it at the mercy of further petrol bombs – which will suffocate the engine and possibly the crew – or an explosive charge or anti-tank mine.

By August 1940, the War Office produced training instructions for the creation and use of Molotov cocktails. The instructions suggested scoring the bottles vertically with a diamond to ensure breakage and providing fuel-soaked rag, windproof matches or a length of cinema film (made of highly flammable nitrocellulose) as a source of ignition. [15]

On 29 July 1940, manufacturers Albright & Wilson of Oldbury demonstrated to the RAF how their white phosphorus could be used to ignite incendiary bombs. The demonstration involved throwing glass bottles containing a mixture of petrol and phosphorus at pieces of wood and into a hut. On breaking, the phosphorus was exposed to the air and spontaneously ignited; the petrol also burned, resulting in a fierce fire. Because of safety concerns, the RAF was not interested in white phosphorus as a source of ignition, but the idea of a self-igniting petrol bomb took hold. Initially known as an A.W. bomb, it was officially named the No. 76 Grenade, but more commonly known as the SIP (Self-Igniting Phosphorus) grenade. The perfected list of ingredients was yellow phosphorus, benzene, water and a two-inch strip of raw rubber; all in a half-pint bottle sealed with a crown stopper. [16] Over time, the rubber would slowly dissolve, making the contents slightly sticky, and the mixture would separate into two layers – this was intentional, and the grenade should not be shaken to mix the layers, as this would only delay ignition. [17] When thrown against a hard surface, the glass would shatter and the contents would instantly ignite, liberating choking fumes of phosphorus pentoxide and sulphur dioxide as well as producing a great deal of heat. [16] Strict instructions were issued to store the grenades safely, preferably underwater and certainly never in a house. [16] Mainly issued to the Home Guard as an anti-tank weapon, it was produced in vast numbers; by August 1941 well over 6,000,000 had been manufactured. [18]

A display of improvised munitions, including a Molotov cocktail, from the Warsaw Uprising, 1944.

However, there were voices that were more cautious. There were many who were sceptical about the efficacy of Molotov cocktails and SIPs grenades against the more modern German tanks. Weapon designer Stuart Macrae witnessed a trial of the SIPs grenade at Farnborough: "There was some concern that, if the tank drivers could not pull up quickly enough and hop out, they were likely to be frizzled to death, but after looking at the bottles they said they would be happy to take a chance." [19] The drivers were proved right, trials on modern British tanks confirmed that Molotov and SIP grenades caused the occupants of the tanks "no inconvenience whatsoever". [20]

Wintringham, though enthusiastic about improvised weapons cautioned against a reliance on petrol bombs and repeatedly emphasised the importance of using explosive charges. [21] [22]

Other fronts Edit

During the Irish War of Independence, IRA fighters sometimes used sods of turf soaked in paraffin oil to attack British army barracks. Fencing wire was pushed through the sod to make a throwing handle. [23]

The Polish Home Army developed a version [24] which ignited on impact without the need of a wick. Ignition was caused by a reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid mixed with the fuel and a mixture of potassium chlorate and sugar which was crystallized from solution onto a rag attached to the bottle.

The United States Marine Corps developed a version during World War II that used a tube of nitric acid and a lump of metallic sodium to ignite a mixture of petrol and diesel fuel. [25]

Modern use Edit

A Molotov cocktail bursts during an anti-G8 demonstration in Rostock, 2007.

While Molotov cocktails may be a psychologically effective method of disabling armoured fighting vehicles by forcing the crew out or damaging external components, most modern tanks cannot be physically destroyed or rendered completely inoperable by Molotov cocktails; only "disabled". Early Soviet tanks had poorly designed engine louvers which allowed the admission of fuel – this design fault was quickly rectified, and subsequent armoured vehicles had engine louvers which drained fuel (as well as rain water and dust) away from the engine. Most tanks and infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) of the 21st century have specially designed nuclear, biological and chemical protective systems that make them internally air-tight and sealed; they are well protected from vapors, gases, and liquids. Modern tanks possess very thick composite armour consisting of layers of steel, ceramics, plastics and Kevlar, and these materials have melting points well above the burning temperature of gasoline, which makes the vehicles themselves invulnerable to Molotov cocktails. Only external components such as optical systems, antennas, externally mounted weapons systems or ventilation ports and openings can be damaged, which can make a tank virtually "blind" or allow burning gasoline to seep into the vehicle, forcing the crew to at least open the hatches or perhaps abandon the vehicle. A Molotov cocktail thrown through an open hatch into the crew spaces would, like most other grenades, adversely and seriously affect the crew and equipment. However, many modern tanks (such as those operated by the US and NATO) have on-board fire suppression systems. Any fire in a crew space will be automatically extinguished with Halon or another fire suppressant. [ Clarification needed ]

During the Second Battle of Fallujah US Marines employed Molotov cocktails made with "one part liquid laundry detergent, two parts gas" for 'burning out' their enemies from houses. [26]

Molotov cocktails used by protesters in Thailand, May 2010.

In Northern Ireland, Molotov cocktails were used by rioting paramilitary groups and protesters against the police, and they are also used to attack houses to burn the house or to intimidate the occupants.

In the Arab Spring, including in Cairo, Egypt, pro-government forces attacked protesters in Cairo with Molotovs. In the Bahraini uprising, protesters used Molotov cocktails against security forces.

Legality Edit

As incendiary devices, Molotov cocktails are illegal to manufacture or possess in many regions. In the United States, Molotov cocktails are considered "destructive devices" under the National Firearms Act and regulated by the ATF. [27]

понедельник, 15 января 2018 г.

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Suicide/Amitriptyline cocktail

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понедельник, 15 января 2018 г.